I am a Ph.D. candidate in linguistics at UiL OTS. I study how languages encode definiteness and indefiniteness in the absence of overt articles. My work focuses on Mandarin Chinese, examining how bare nouns, demonstratives, and numeral-测墨 (one) constructions interact to express reference. I apply parallel translation corpus analysis to investigate the distribution and interpretation of referential forms across languages and to test theoretical predictions about the universal architecture of argument formation.