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The habitats of freshwater fish species are threatened by global warming, mainly due to rising water temperatures. A 3.2 °C increase in the global mean temperature would threaten more than half of the habitat for one third of all freshwater fish species. The number of species at risk will be ten times smaller if warming is limited to 1.5 °C instead. This is the conclusion of a study led by Radboud ľ�ϸ���Ӱ��, in collaboration with Utrecht ľ�ϸ���Ӱ��, PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Leiden ľ�ϸ���Ӱ�� and others, the results of which were published in Nature Communications on March 15 2021. 

Many studies have already assessed the potential impacts of climate change on animal and plant species in terrestrial systems. “However, freshwater fish species have been largely ignored, even though they represent approximately half of the global known fish diversity,” says Valerio Barbarossa, assistant professor at Leiden ľ�ϸ���Ӱ�� and lead author of the paper. This is the first study that investigated the potential impact of climate change on approximately 11,500 freshwater fish species around the globe. 

Clear differences between global warming scenarios

With a global rise of 3.2 °C, a scenario expected to develop if there are no further emission cuts after current governments’ pledges for 2030, over one third of the freshwater species have more than half of their present-day habitats threatened by extremes in water temperature or streamflow. 

If global warming is limited to 2 °C or 1.5 °C, 9% and 4% of the species would have more than a half of their habitat threatened, respectively. “These numbers indicate that limiting global warming really matters for freshwater fish species, just as previous research has shown that it matters for species in terrestrial systems,” says Barbarossa. 

Temperature and flow

The researchers modelled future extremes in river water flow and temperature and identified where these may exceed present-day extremes within the habitats of the fish species. “Water temperature and water flow are two key habitat factors for freshwater fish species. Climate change will amplify extremes in flow and temperature, which may reduce the size of suitable habitats. This in turn is an important indicator of extinction risk,” says Aafke Schipper, environmental researcher at Radboud ľ�ϸ���Ӱ�� and PBL and co-author of the study. 

The results of the study indicate that changes in water temperature are much more threatening than changes in flow extremes, reflecting that global warming will lead to rising water temperatures nearly everywhere. The findings further show that threats to freshwater fish species are particularly high in tropical waters.

Man-made barriers

“The numbers of species at risk represent a worst-case scenario in the sense that we assume that fish will not be able to move to other parts of the watershed or adapt to changed conditions,” continues Barbarossa. “We have also considered a scenario in which species could move freely across the watershed and ‘escape’ altered conditions. In that case, climate change threats would be substantially lower. However, many freshwater systems are fragmented, which impedes fish from moving to more suitable conditions.”

River systems worldwide are characterised by an increasing number of many man-made barriers like dams, weirs, sluices or culverts. These reduce the connectivity of freshwater habitats and limit opportunities for fish to respond to climate change by shifting their ranges. This in turn stresses the need to limit global warming, the authors conclude, if we want to safeguard freshwater biodiversity. 

“We have been working for over a decade on global estimates of discharge and water temperature, now they provide the fundamental insight needed for multi-disciplinary science questions. Our work on global hydrology provided the foundation for the estimate of biodiversity losses,” comment Niko Wanders and Marc Bierkens, researchers at Utrecht ľ�ϸ���Ӱ�� and co-authors of the paper.
 

Publication

Valerio Barbarossa, Joyce Bosmans, Niko Wanders, Henry King, Marc F. P. Bierkens, Mark A. J. Huijbregts & Aafke M. Schipper, 2021. Threats of global warming to the world’s freshwater fishes. Nature Communications, volume 12, Article number: 1701.